1 W. Robertson Smith (A. & C. Black, 1927) 439. All references are, unless otherwise stated, to the third edition of The Religion of the Semites, though the differences in pagination are minimal.

2 C.G. Montefiore, Jewish Quarterly Review, 2 (1890) 178.

3 Beginning with Hubert and Mauss, whose monograph on sacrifice was first published in L'Année sociologique, 1898, 29-138. Other significant writers on the subject of sacrifice, who acknowledge but adapt Smith's views, include E. Durkheim The Elementary Forms of Religion (Allen & Unwin, 1915); G. B. Gray Sacrifice in the Old Testament (Oxford, 1925); B. Malinowski Magic, Science and Religion (Doubleday, New York, 1954); E. E Evans-Pritchard Nuer Religion (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1956); M. Douglas Purity and Danger (Routledge, 1969);. R. Girard Le Violence et Le Sacré (Grasset, Paris, 1972); R. J. Daly The Origins of the Christian Doctrine of Sacrifice (Darton, Longman & Todd, 1978); B. Chilton History of Sacrifice (Pennsylvania State U. P., Pennsylvania, 1992); John Moses The Sacrifice of God: a Holistic Theory of Atonement (Canterbury Press, Norwich, 1992); and Ian Bradley The Power of Sacrifice (Darton, Longman & Todd, 1995).

4 E. Jones, Sigmund Freud: Life and Work (Hogarth Press 1955) vol.2, p.395, who commented: "He [Freud] had hardly ever been so pleased with any book".

5 The term psychoanalysis itself, coined by Freud to describe his therapeutic technique of free association, was first used in 1896 [OED] but he continued to refine his theories until late in life.

6 Robertson Smith's interest in totemism and taboo stemmed from his early friendship in with James F. McLennan, an Aberdeen-born Edinburgh lawyer whose articles on animal worship had appeared in the Fortnightly Review during 1869. Smith encouraged Frazer to write the relevant articles for the ninth edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica but it is pertinent that Freud recognised Smith's views on totemism as more fundamental than Frazer's.

7 First published by A. & C. Black in 1885.

8 The Religion of the Semites 281. For a critique of Smith's use of this source, cf. M. Warburg. 'William Robertson Smith and the study of religion' (Religion 19, 1989, 41-61).

9 The Religion of the Semites 254.

10 Ibid. 41.

11 Ibid. 55.

12 The OED's first citation of the psychological terms "ambivalence" and "ambivalent" is drawn from a 1916 translation of Jung's Analytical Psychology.

13 Totem and Taboo (Penguin Freud Library, 13 201). The reference is to the following sentence from The Religion of the Semites 412: "And a chief object of the mourners is to disclaim responsibility for the god's death — a point which has already come before us in connection with theanthropic sacrifices, such as the 'ox-murder at Athens' ".

14 The Religion of the Semites 410.

15 Ibid. 163 fn. Smith's "e.g." implies that he did not consider those two acts as the sole taboos.

16 Totem and Taboo 202.

17 Ib. 204f.

18 Ib. 208.

19 Ib., pp.216f.

20 Freud (1959) An Autobiographical Study (Standard Edition, The Hogarth Press) 67.

21 Encyclopaedia Britannica (9th edn), vol. 21 (1886) 138, s.v. "Sacrifice".

22 The passage was quoted by J.G. Frazer in his obituary of Smith, written for the Fortnightly Review, vol. lx (1894) 800-807 and reprinted in a collection of Frazer's essays, The Gorgon's Head (1927) 278-290.

23 Nature (Aug.20, 1874) 319.

24 The Religion of the Semites 404.

25 Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego: Penguin Freud Library, 12, 154.

26 Totem and Taboo 220.

27 Ib. 223.

28 Totem and Taboo 223